Optimism

Optimism
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"Optimist" and "Optimistic" redirect here. For other uses, see Optimist (disambiguation).



Berlin Wall Monument (west view). The side of the wall is roofed with graffiti that reflects hope and optimism.

Optimism is a mental attitude reflecting a belief or hope that the end result of some specific endeavor, or outcomes normally, are going to be positive, favorable, and desirable. A common idiom used as an instance optimism versus pessimism is a glass stuffed with water to the halfway point: an optimist is claimed to work out the glass as half full, while a pessimist sees the glass as half empty.
The term derives from the Latin optimum, meaning "best". Being optimistic, within the typical sense of the word, is defined as expecting the most effective possible outcome from any given situation.[1] This is typically stated in psychology as dispositional optimism. It thus reflects a belief that future conditions will determine for the most effective.[2] For this reason, it's seen as a trait that fosters resilience within the face of stress.[3]
Theories of optimism include dispositional models, and models of explanatory style. Methods to live optimism are developed within both theoretical systems, like various styles of the Life Orientation Test, for the first definition of optimism, or the Attributional Style Questionnaire designed to check optimism in terms of explanatory style.
Variation in optimism and pessimism is somewhat heritable[4] and reflects biological trait systems to some extent.[5] It is additionally influenced by environmental factors, including family environment,[4] with some suggesting it will be learned.[6] Optimism may additionally be linked to health.[7]

Contents

Psychological optimismEdit

Dispositional optimismEdit



An optimist and a pessimist, Vladimir Makovsky, 1893

Researchers operationalize the term differently counting on their research. like any trait characteristic, there are several ways to guage optimism, like the Life Orientation Test (LOT). This 8-item scale was developed in 1985 by Michael Scheier and Charles Carver.[8]
Dispositional optimism and pessimism[9] are typically assessed by asking people whether or not they expect future outcomes to be beneficial or negative (see below). The LOT returns separate optimism and pessimism scores for every individual. Behaviourally, these two scores correlate around r = 0.5. Optimistic scores on this scale predict better outcomes in relationships,[10] higher social status,[11] and reduced loss of well-being following adversity.[12] Health preserving behaviors are related to optimism while health-damaging behaviors are related to pessimism.[13]
Some have argued that optimism is that the opposite end of one dimension with pessimism[14], with any distinction between them reflecting factors such as social desirability. Confirmatory modelling, however, supports a two-dimensional model[15] and the 2 dimensions predict different outcomes.[16] Genetic modelling confirms this independence, showing that pessimism and optimism are inherited as independent traits, with the standard correlation between them emerging as a results of a general well-being factor and family environment influences.[4] It is recommended that patients with high dispositional optimism appear to own stronger system since it buffers it against psychological stressors.[17] Optimists appear to measure longer.[18]

Explanatory styleEdit

Explanatory style is distinct from dispositional theories of optimism. While associated with life-orientation measures of optimism, attributional style theory suggests that dispositional optimism and pessimism are reflections of the ways people explain events, i.e., that attributions cause these dispositions.[19] Here, an optimist would view defeat as temporary, doesn't apply to other cases, and isn't considered his fault.[20] Measures of attributional style distinguish three dimensions among explanations for events: Whether these explanations draw on internal versus external causes; whether the causes are viewed as stable versus unstable; and whether explanations apply globally versus being situationally specific. additionally, the measures distinguish attributions for positive and for negative events.
An optimistic person attributes internal, stable, and global explanations to kickshaws. Pessimistic explanations attribute these traits of stability, globality, and internality to negative events, like difficulty in relationships.[21] Models of Optimistic and Pessimistic attributions show that attributions themselves are a cognitive style – individuals who tend to specialise in the worldwide explanations do so for every type of events, and therefore the styles correlate among one another. additionally to the current, individuals vary in how optimistic their attributions are permanently events, and on how pessimistic their attributions are for bad events, but these two traits of optimism and pessimism are un     correlated.f